Note: Each of the files linked below will use Adobe Reader to open the file in a new window. If you do not have Adobe Reader, click on this icon to download it for free: Research ADHD   A Quantitative EEG Correlate of Sustained Attention Processing The objective of this study's investigation was to develop a quantitative electroencephalographic measure (qEEG) that is sensitive and specific to changes in sustained human performance(1/2007).   ADHD Drugs May Slow Growth Stimulant medications used to calm children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may have an unexpected side effect -- slightly slower growth.   Asperger's Case Studies The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of neurotherapy in the treatment of Asperger's Syndrome.   Asperger's and ADHD Differences on Preliminary Observations This study reveals why autistic spectrum disorders are characterized by primary deficits in the ability to interpret, initiate and maintain social interactions, handle anxiety, and sustain external attention..   Assessment-Guided Neurofeedback for Autistic Spectrum Disorder Assessment-guided neurofeedback was conducted in 20 sessions for 37 patients with autistic spectrum disorder(ASD). The experimental and control groups were matched for age, gender, race, handedness, other treatments, and severity of ASD.   Attention Deficit Hyperactivity, Disorder- Neurological Basis and Treatment Alternatives. This ISNR study looks at different alternative treatments for ADHD.   Attention Training with ADHD Children Attention training or EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback or neurotherapy) has been shown in previous studies to be effective in minimizing the cardinal symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. This study was done as a double-blind controlled study.   Atypical Brain Activation During Simple& Complex Levels of Processing in Adult ADHD In this study, brain function in adults with ADHD during simple and complex forms of processing were assessed.   Brain Hemispheres and autism Article about an interesting study done in Belgium by psychologists interested in how emotions are processed by our minds. Blood flow velocity, via ultrasound equipment, to the brain was studied to determine which side of the brain is responsible for emotion and feelings.   CDC Study Finds Autism To Be Less Rare.pdf .   CNN Report on Autism.pdf .   Clinical heterogeneity among people with high functioning autism spectrum conditions- evidence favouring a continuous severity gradient The aim of this study was to examine the possible clustering of symptoms associated with ASCs to determine whether the observed distribution of symptom type and severity supported either a severity or a symptom subgroup model to account for the phenotypic variation observed within the ASCs.   New Evidence Supporting Neurofeedback for Treating ADHD A recently published study addresses one of these important concerns, i.e., the absence of random assignment, and also provides direct evidence of changes in brain activity for children receiving neurofeedback (Levesque, J., Beauregard, M., & Mensour, B. 2006).   Olesen study (2006) This study measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging in adults and 13-year-old children. Data were analyzed with an event-related design to isolate activity during cue, delay, distraction, and response selection.   Pharmacological and therapeutic directions in ADHD- Specificity in the PFC This study is a review of the D1 receptor as a specific site for dopaminergic regulation of the pre-frontal cortex, and optimal levels of dopamine (DA) for beneficial effects on working memory.   QEEG in Autistic Disorders- Power and Connectivity Analyses Dr. Robert Coben's slide presentation at the 2006 ISNR conference regarding QEEG results in Autistic disorders.   Relation between endophenotype and phenotype in ADHD This study had a threefold aim: to examine the predictive validity of an endophenotypic construct for the ADHD diagnosis, to test whether the magnitude of group differences at the endophenotypic and phenotypic level is comparable, and to investigate whether four factors (gender, age, IQ, rater bias) have an effect (moderation or mediation) on the relation between endophenotype and phenotype.   The Effects of Stimulant Therapy, EEG Biofeedback & Parenting Style on the Primary Symptoms of Attention-Deficit:Hyperactivity Disorder   2001 Review of Literature Regarding the Efficacy of Neurofeedback on ADHD   Preliminary report of results from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD Auditory   AUDITORY SYSTEM-Senses working overtime The authors measured the activity of cochlear ganglion cells in chick embryos between embryonic days 13 and 17. They showed that a high proportion of the cells exhibited rhythmic bursting activity.   EFFECTS OF POPULAR MUSIC ON MEMORIZATION TASKS This study investigated the effects that popular music has on memory performance.   New Visions School NeuroTechnology Replication Project 2000 - 2001âby Michael Joyce This hallmark study is the largest, most convincing study showing the effectiveness of the Audio/Visual entrainment system, DAVID Paradise from Mind Alive, driving a multiple system to treat children with attentional disorders.   Randomized clinical trial- Group counseling based on tinnitus retraining therapy a randomized clinical trial to test the hypothesis that group educational counseling based on TRT principles would effectively treat veterans who have clinically significant tinnitus.   THE EFFECTS OF SOUND ON READING COMPREHENSION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sound on reading comprehension and short-term memory. 42 high school freshman students consisting of 15 males and 27 females of Penney High School in Hamilton, MO.   TIMING IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT This study investigated the metronome and musical timing of 585 four- to eleven-year-olds in Effingham, Illinois.   fMRI_Alpiner-The Role of Functional MRI in Defining Auditory-Motor Processing Networks.pdf   The Lateral Superior Olive: A Functional Role in Sound Source Localization Thios study has a great description of the anatomical and physiological bases for this Òduplex theoryÓ of localization which are found in the medial (MSO) and lateral (LSO) superior olives, two of the most peripheral sites in the ascending auditory pathway receiving inputs from both ears.   Pharmacologically Regulated Induction of Silent Mutations (PRISM): Combined Pharmacological and Genetic Approaches for Learning and Memory. Mouse transgenic and knock-out approaches have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory. These approaches have successfully identified a large number of molecules with either a central or modulatory role in learning and memory. However, there are limitations associated with first-generation mutant mice, which include, for example, the lack of temporal control over the mutation. Recent technical developments have started to address some of these shortcomings. Here, the authors review a newly developed inducible approach that takes advantage of synergistic interactions between subthreshold genetic and pharmacological manipulations. Auditory/Visual Entrainment   Audio-Visual Entrainment (AVE) Program as a Treatment for Behavior Disorders in a School Setting - Michael Joyce & Dave Siever.pdf This is an excerpt from the Appendices of "The Rediscovery of Audio- Visual Entrainment Technology" by Dave Siever, C.E.T. copyright 1997.   Dissecting the circuitry of the auditory system An in-depth description of the auditory system and how it works.   INTERACTIVE METRONOME - UNDERLYING NEUROCOGNITVE CORRELATES OF EFFECTIVENESS by Dr. Patrick Gormman.pdf This paper explain how, through improving basic cognitive functions, the Interactive Metronome can improve functioning in many higher-order skills. The Brain and Education   Brain Development and Learning There are two novel ideas emerging from research on cognition and brain development that may provide new directions for educational planning and implementation. Two of these ideas, Multiple Memory Systems and Executive Functions, are briefly described in this paper.   Brain Imaging Study Sheds Light On Inner Workings Of Human Intelligence This study sought to better understand the process through which the mind reasons and solves novel problems, an ability known among psychologists as fluid intelligence.   Brain Plasticity, Language Processing and Reading This paper explains brain plasticity and how it affects language processing and reading.   How We Learn Paper written by ALISON GOPNIK, The New York Times, Education Life, Section 4A, January 16, 2005.This paper tries to answer the question-if children who don't even go to school learn so easily, why do children who go to school seem to have such a hard time? Why can children solve problems that challenge computers but stumble on a third-grade reading test?   Human memory This by Vadim S. Rotenberg and Igor Weinberg Affiliation of authors: Prof., V. S. Rotenberg, MD, Ph D., is affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs,1999, presents an integrative approach to human memory in context of brain asymmetry.   Hyperactive girls face problems as adults The study, published in the latest issue of the journal Archives of General Psychiatry, followed the lives of Canadian girls from the age of six until they reached 21, to understand the link between hyperactive and aggressive behaviour in childhood and adjustment problems in early adulthood (2008).   Modular Representations of Cognitive Phenomena in AI, Psychology and Neuroscience This paper creates a framework for understanding current modularity research in three subdisciplines of cognitive science -- psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience.   Quantitative EEG in children with learning disabilities In order to better understand the mechanisms of learning disabilities it is important to evaluate the electroencephalogram parameters and their relation to the results of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Thirty-six children with complaints of learning disability were studied. Electroencephalograms were carried out while awake and resting, and the values for absolute and relative powers calculated. The results were compared with those of 36 healthy children paired with respect to age, gender and maternal scholastic level. In the group with learning disabilities, the absolute (in the delta, theta and alpha 1 bands) and relative (theta) power values were higher and the relative power alpha 2 value significantly lower at the majority of the electrodes in relation to the control group. There was a high positive correlation in the children with learning disabilities between the relative power alpha 2 and the verbal, performance and total IQ values. These quantitative electroencephalogram findings in children with learning disabilities have a clear relation with psychological measurements and could be due to brain immaturity.   Six Case Studies Examining the Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Adaptive Approach to Neurofeedback for Attention Deficit in an Educational Setting Shannon Warwick, MA, Union Institute and University at Vermont College,Asheville, North Carolina studied six AD/HD elementary school students completed 19 hours of neurofeedback training over six months averaging 45 sessions. Five of the six students measurably improved in parent/teacher report and/or objective data relatively congruent with QEEG analysis.   The Neurobehavioral Challenge A valuable list of neuroanatomy resources and information. Brain and Technology   Brain Computer Interface This paper discusses Brain-Computer Interfaces for enabling both the severely motor disabled as well as the healthy people to operate electrical devices and applications through conscious mental activity based on an artificial neural network that recognizes and classifies different brain activation patterns associated with carefully selected mental tasks. By Drugs-Attention Deficit Meds   Attention Deficit Drugs May Have Long-Term Effect Dec 8, 2003 WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Drugs given to children to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder could have long-term effects on their growing brains, studies on rats suggest.   Behavior Drugs leads in sales for children Published: May 17, 2004 Spending on drugs to treat children and adolescents for behaviorrelated disorders rose 77 percent from 2000 to the end of 2003, according to a study of prescription purchases by Medco Health Solutions, a pharmacy benefits management company.   Side Effects of ADD Medication This is an excerpt from chapter five of The ADD Answer: How to Help Your Child Now by Dr. Frank Lawlis and published by Viking. For more, go to www.franklawlis.com. Medical students are often warned that "sometimes the treatment can be worse than the disease." I sincerely believe that is often the case when children with ADD are given medication to control their symptoms. HEG Neurofeedback/NIR   Concurrent recordings of electrical evoked potentials and NIR Investigators: Yunjie Tong, Jeff Martin, Debbie Chen, Angelo Sassaroli, Bruce Ehrenberg, and Sergio Fantini (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University); Evan Rooney (New England Medical Center), Peter Bergethon (Boston University) This study shows Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) Functional studies of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) concurrently to show strong absorption of hemoglobin in the near-infrared spectral region   Emerging brain based interventions for children and adolescents.pdf by Laurence M. Hirshberg, Ph.D., Sufen Chiu, MD, PhD, and Jean Frazier, MD. This chapter is presented here with the permission of the publisher, Elsevier Saunders. Introduction: technology and psychiatry. This paper is an overview of the use of sophisticated technology to intervene and improve brain function in many fields Ð rehabilitation, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology.   Forehead Infrared Emissions Study-Toomim, Carmen. The question addressed in this study is whether the training protocol and equipment designed by Jeffrey Carmen (Toomim & Carmen, 1999), using infrared feedback from the center of the forehead to ameliorate migraine pain, can be replicated.   Frontal regions involved in learning of motor skill Megumi Hatakenakaa, b, Ichiro Miyaia, , , Masahito Miharaa, b, Saburo Sakodab and Kisou Kubotaa aNeurorehabilitation Research Institute, Morinomiya Hospital, 2-1-88, Morinomiya, Jotoku, Osaka 536-0025, Japan bDepartment of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan January 2006. This paper investigates cerebral mechanisms underlying learning of motor skills, and changes of cortical activation patterns during a pursuit rotor (PR) task in 18 right-handed, healthy subjects using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system.   Intentional Increase of Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Using Hemoencephalography (HEG): An Efficient Brain Exercise Therapy Hershel Toomim, PhD, William Mize, MD, Paul Yeekwong PhD, Marjorie Toomim, PhD, Robert Marsh AA, Gerald P. Kozlowski, PhD,Mary Kimball PhD and Antoine Remond MD A primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the capacity of subjects with brain disorders to increase oxygenation of selected brain tissue using HEG and test the hypothesis that multiple repetitions of these brain exercises improved sustained attention measured with a continuous performance test. The impulsivity score for subjects in the exercise group was in the normal range after ten sessions. In a small set of subjects, low arousal SPECT images showed increased vascularity after 30 half-hour sessions of intentional enhancement of local blood oxygenation.   Mark Darling PowerPoint - EEG and HEG neurofeedback for ASD This is a very informative PowerPoint on how HEG works with autistic children in a school setting.   Mize 2004 study- Hemoencephalography-A New Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Case Report A single-subject design case study for a twelve year-old child with a well-established diagnosis of ADHD   Drexel University fNIR_PowerPoint Presentation Presented by Banu Onaral November 9, 2005 for Drexel University Optical Brain Imaging Group. An excellant explanation of fNIR.   Hemoencephalography for Autistic Spectrum Disorder A PowerPoint on Hemoencephalography for Autistic Spectrum Disorder by Robert Coben, PhD Presented at ISNR, 2006   Hemoencephalography A New Form of Neurofeedback A good overview of HEG by Glyn Blackett.   Brain imaging in awake infants by near-infrared optical topography Gentaro Taga, Kayo Asakawa, Atsushi Maki,Yukuo Konishi, and Hideaki Koizumi Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, 2003. This study explored the functioning of the developing brain of young infants in relation to visual perception. Because their apparatus could not cover the whole brain, they focused on the occipital cortex and the frontal cortex. Interactive Metronome/ Physical Exercise and the Brain   Effect of IM Training on Children with ADHD Robert J, Shaffer, Lee E. Jacokes, James F. Cassily, Stanley I. Greenspan, Robert F. Tuchman, Paul J. Stemmer, jr. 2001 study to determine the effects of a specific intervention, Interactive Metronome, on a selected aspect of motor and cognitive skills in a group of children with ADHD.   Exercise and the Brain From the Journal of Neuroscience. One study found that joggers consistently performed better than non-joggers on learning and memory tests that required the use of the prefrontal cortex.   IM Learning Problems and the Left Behind (Summary of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association of Elementary School Principals, Anaheim, CA, 2003 by Dr. Cindy Cason, Ph.D. Education) regarding NCLB (No Child Left Behind).   Processing speed and motor planning: the scientific background to the skills trained by Interactive Metronome¨ technology Susan J. Diamond, Ph.D. Dec. 2003 This paper summarizes scientific findings that explain why a movement based repetition program, made with feedback in millisecond precision, might be influential in improving brain efficiency, and hence, cognition.   IM Training in golf In this experiment, the authors investigated the influence of training in timing on performance accuracy in golf.   IM-Comprehensive Report An overview of Interactive Metronome.   PATHWAYS CENTER FINAL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Interactive Metronome, Inc. Prepared by Lee E. Jacokes, Ph.D. May 2004 The study design was a pre-post one-group design. Three pre-tests were performed for each subject to assess pre IM training capacities followed by IM training and then followed by three assessments: an immediate posttest and then reassessment at three and six months. This design allows for the assessment of immediate changes due to IM training and then an assessment of how long the IM training impact remains at the three and six month periods.   Physical fitness and lifetime cognitive change Ian J. Deary, PhD, Lawrence J. Whalley, MD, G. David Batty, PhD and John M. Starr, MD From the Department of Psychology (I.J.D.), School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mental Health (L.J.W.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (G.D.B.), Glasgow, UK; and Department of Geriatric Medicine (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. This study tests the hypothesis that physical fitness is associated with more successful cognitive aging.   St.Thomas Report-RESULTS SUMMARY INTERACTIVE METRONOME® PERFORMANCE TRAINING Staff of Interactive Metronome, Inc. trained 29 student/athletes from St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. IM training was conducted on a group basis with 15-17 student-athletes working in each of two groups in a computer classroom. Training occurred over a span of 15 days. Timing and focus results produced and measured by the Interactive Metronome¨. Mental processing results measured by a nationally standardized test for academic achievement. Functional improvements and execution results provided by the student-athletes themselves through a written survey conducted post IM training.   Aerobic Exercise and Memory An article discussing a study done at Duke University, the effects of exercise (Hard aerobic exercise to VO2 Max levels) were studied by James A Blumenthal and David J Madden (2006).   IMPROVEMENTS IN INTERVAL TIME TRACKING AND EFFECTS ON READING ACHIEVEMENT (2007) This study examined the effect of improvements in timing/rhythmicity on studentsÕ reading achievement. Neurofeedback   A Comparison of EEG Biofeedback and Psychostimulants in Treating Attention Deficit Thomas R. Rossiter and Theodore J. La Vaque The study compared treatment programs with EEG biofeedback or stimulants as their primary components. An EEG group (EEG) was matched with a stimulant group (MED) by age, IQ, gender and diagnosis. The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of 20 sessions of EEG biofeedback in reducing AD/HD symptoms and to compare the results with those obtained with psycho stimulant medication. Psychostimulants are the most widely used treatment for AD/HD (Barkley, 1990). In order to be a widely accepted alternative to medication, EEG biofeedback must be able to produce equivalent symptom reduction.t   Neurofeedback for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance and Physical Balance From The Journal of the American Board of Sport Psychology 2007. An Overview of the use of neurofeedback an peak performance for athletes.   Complementary Modalities with Neurofeedback by Siegfried Othmer An overview of neurofeedback.   Comprehensive Neurofeedback Bibliography   EEG Neurofeedback for Treating Psychiatric Disorders A 2002 overview of EEG neurofeedback for Psychiatric Times.by Alondra OubrŽ, Ph.D.   Monastra_White_Paper- Electroencephalographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 2005 This review paper critically examines the empirical evidence, applying the efficacy guidelines jointly established by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) and the International Society for Neuronal Regulation (ISNR). On the basis of these scientific principles, EEG biofeedback was determined to be Òprobably efficaciousÓ for the treatment of ADHD. Although significant clinical improvement was reported in approximately 75% of the patients in each of the published research studies, additional randomized, controlled group studies are needed in order to provide a better estimate of the percentage of patients with ADHD who will demonstrate such gains in clinical practice.   Neurofeedback Abstracts A collection of neurofeedback abstracts.   Annotation: Neurofeedback - train your brain to train behaviour Hartmut Heinrich,Holger Gevensleben, and Ute Strehl (2007) from Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. Overview of Neurotherapy   2006 Impact Assessment of Neuroimaging This swiss study by Barbel Husing, Lutz Jancke and Brigitte Tag contributes to an internationally largely unexploited field by assessing the impacts of neuroimaging from an interdisciplinary technology assessment perspective.   A 2007 Selection of Neurotherapy Study Abstracts-Neurofeedback for Children with ADHD: A Comparison of SCP and Theta/Beta Protocols This study addresses previous methodological shortcomings while comparing a neurofeedback-training of Theta-Beta frequencies and training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs). The study aimed at answering (a) whether patients were able to demonstrate learning of cortical self-regulation, (b) if treatment leads to an improvement in cognition and behavior and (c) if the two experimental groups differ in cognitive and behavioral outcome variables. SCP participants were trained to produce positive and negative SCP-shifts   Brain Mapping This study compares the quality of various single-condition maps based on activity-evoked changes in oximetry and CBV, using high-resolution optical imaging of intrinsic signals.   Neurofeedback Treatment for Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Comparison With Methylphenidate 2003 study by Thomas Fuchs, Niels Birbaumer, Werner Lutzenberger, John H. Gruzelier, and Jochen Kaiser; compared the effects of a 3-month electroencephalographic feedback program providing reinforcement contingent on the production of cortical sensorimotor rhythm (12Ð15 Hz) and beta1 activity (15Ð18 Hz) with stimulant medication. Participants were N D34 children aged 8Ð12 years, 22 of which were assigned to the neurofeedback group and 12 to the methylphenidate group according to their parentsÕ preference. Both neurofeedback and methylphenidate were associated with improvements on all subscales of the Test of Variables of Attention, and on the speed and accuracy measures of the d2 Attention Endurance Test. Furthermore, behaviors related to the disorder were rated as significantly reduced in both groups by both teachers and parents on the IOWA-Conners Behavior Rating Scale. These findings suggest that neurofeedback was efficient in improving some of the behavioral concomitants of ADHD in children whose parents favored a nonpharmacological treatment.   Laurence M. Hirshberg_Editorial- Place of electroencephalographic biofeedback for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder 2007 editorial on the strengths of neurofeedback on ADHD.   Development of a superior frontalÐintraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory by Torkel Klingberg This 2005 review considers results from previous neuroimaging studies investigating the neural correlates of this development. Older children and adolescents, with higher capacity, have been found to have higher brain activity in the intraparietal cortex and in the posterior part of the superior frontal sulcus, during the performance of working memory tasks.br>   New Study of Neurofeedback for Treating ADHD (2006) by David Rabiner, Ph.D., Duke University Article outlining a study which shows the effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with AD/HD: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.   MIT technology insider magazine This 9/2002 issue of the MIT technology insider includes articles such as; Lab news: Brain Machine Interface   Macoveanu study2007-Neuronal firing rates account for distractor effects on mnemonic accuracy in a visuo-spatial working memory task In this study a shared experimental and computational test protocol was used to probe human subjects in computer experiments, and subsequently evaluate different neural mechanisms underlying persistent activity using an in silico prefrontal network model.   Maturation of White Matter is Associated with the Development of Cognitive Functions during Childhood by Zoltan Nagy, Helena Westerberg, and Torkel Klingberg From the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2005). In the human brain, myelination of axons continues until early adulthood and is thought to be important for the development of cognitive functions during childhood. In this study, diffusion tensor MR imaging and calculated fractional anisotropy, were used as an indicator of myelination and axonal thickness, in children aged between 8 and 18 years. Development of working memory capacity was positively correlated with fractional anisotropy in two regions in the left frontal lobe, including a region between the superior frontal and parietal cortices.   Neurotherapy Newsletter 2003 A combination of articles on related topics.   2007 issue of Scientific American Magazine-Brighter Brains   Society of Applied Neuroscience 2004 Abstracts   Studies say old memory can be lost by By Carey Goldberg, 12/30/2003 An article that discusses how seemingly permanent memory is not only vulnerable to change, but becomes vulnerable every time it is called to mind.   UCLA Neuroscientists Reveal The Symphony Of Memory Formation; Advanced Imaging Shows Crescendo, Diminuendo Of Brain Circuitry Article discussing study that shows using newly developed imaging techniques, UCLA neuroscientists for the first time "unfolded" the brain's sea-horse-shaped hippocampus to reveal how dynamic activity within the brain structure's complex architecture orchestrates memory formation.   Understanding Special Education Laws and Rights This article discusses recurring questions and answers about the protections offered under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).   Westerberg study 2007 From the Karolinska Institutet (2007)- Brain Injury Computerized working memory training after stroke-A pilot study by Westerberg, H., Jacobaeus, H., Hirvikoski, T., Clevberger, P., …stensson, M. -L., Bartfai, A. and Klingberg, T. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of working memory (WM) training in adult patients with stroke using computerized training on various WM tasks for five weeks.   Enhancing Synaptic Plasticity and Memory:A Role for Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels by THANOS TZOUNOPOULOS and ROBERT STACKMAN In this 2003 article from Neuroscientist, the authors discuss the role of SK channels in the induction of synaptic plasticity and their influence on learning and memory. A testable model that synthesizes the current literature is offered, suggesting that SK channels represent an important regulator of synaptic plasticity and memory.br>   Human Communication Tech Guide A 34 page guide to neurotransmitters.   Neurofeedback and Impulsiveness 2007 PowerPoint by Ben Reitsma, PhD, Brain Dynamics Nederland   Neurofeedback Gaming for Wellbeing by Joran van Aart, Eelco Klaver, Christoph Bartneck, Loe Feijs, Peter Peters Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands The authors discuss their vision on future neurofeedback therapy. They analyze problems of the current situation and debate for a change in focus towards a vision in which neurofeedback therapy will ultimately be as easy as taking an aspirin. They also argue for a gaming approach as training, for separation between neurofeedback therapy and gaming has become noticeably smaller after recent development in brain manipulated interfaces. They conclude by providing suggestions of how to achieve this vision.   Injury-Induced Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain by Jack M. Parent From Neuroscientist (2003) This article discusses the need for a better understanding of injury-induced neurogenesis in the adult and suggest that the manipulation of endogenous neural precursors is a potential strategy for brain reparative therapies.   The Amygdala, the Hippocampus, and Emotional Modulation of Memory by GAL RICHTER-LEVIN Department of Psychology and The Brain & Behavior Research Center University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel In this 2004 article from Neuroscientist, the authors adduce behavioral, electrophysiological, and biochemical evidence in support of an integrative view, assuming both roles for the amygdala. This integrative view, however, suggests a level of complexity not referred to before: the assumption that emotional conditions induce long-term neural plasticity in the amygdala suggests that the interrelations between the amygdala and brain regions, such as the hippocampus, may not be static but dynamic. The way the amygdala will affect memory-related processes in the hippocampus may thus largely depend on the previous history of the individual.   Perspectives on Neuroscience and Behavior This 2003 article discusses the auditory localization pathway in the barn owl is an excellent model system for studying the neural mechanisms involved in experience-dependent plasticity.   Hemispheric asymmetries and joke comprehension This study of brain damaged patients suggests the two hemispheres differ markedly in their importance for language processing.   Perisynaptic Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction: Nerve- and Activity-Dependent Contributions to Synaptic Efficacy, Plasticity, and Reinnervation by DANIEL S. AULD and RICHARD ROBITAILLE Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques UniversitŽ de Montreal In this 2003 study from Neuroscientist, the authors discuss evidence for the existence of a synapse-glia-synapse regulatory loop that helps to maintain and restore synaptic efficacy at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).   Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron by Barry E. Stein and Terrence R. Stanford A 2008 study. For thousands of years science philosophers have been impressed by how effectively the senses work together to enhance the salience of biologically meaningful events. However, they really had no idea how this was accomplished. Recent insights into the underlying physiological mechanisms reveal that, in at least one circuit, this ability depends on an intimate dialogue among neurons at multiple levels of the neuraxis; this dialogue cannot take place until long after birth and might require a specific kind of experience. Understanding the acquisition and usage of multisensory integration in the midbrain and cerebral cortex of mammals has been aided by a multiplicity of approaches. Here we examine some of the fundamental advances that have been made and some of the challenging questions that remain.   Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain by Karalyn Patterson, Peter J. Nestor and Timothy T. Rogers A 2007 study.Mr M, a patient with semantic dementia Ñ a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the gradual deterioration of semantic memory Ñ was being driven through the countryside to visit a friend and was able to remind his wife where to turn along the notrecently- travelled route. Then, pointing at the sheep in the field, he asked her ÒWhat are those things?Ó Prior to the onset of symptoms in his late 40s, this man had normal semantic memory. What has gone wrong in his brain to produce this dramatic and selective erosion of conceptual knowledge? Nutrition/Natural Medicine   THE PLASTICITY FACTOR by Ronald Kotulak from his book Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works is based on his Pulitzer Prize-winning series for the Chicago Tribune. The author summarized recent scientific discoveries about the brain at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society on Aging (ASA). His talk kicked off "The Power of Education," a one-day conference intensive organized by ASA's newly renamed Lifetime Education and Renewal Network (formerly the Older Adult Education Network).br>   The Mechanism of Acupuncture - Beyond neurohumoral theory by Charles Shang A history and explanation of acupuncture. Visual Insufficiencies and the Brain   Eye Convergence Training A brief overview of eye convergence insufficiency and its link to ADHD.   Eye Movements Indicate Initial Attempts To Process What Humans Hear This 2003 article is an overview of Julie Sedivy, a Brown University assistant professor, research's study on mapping eye movements to prove humans attempt to make sense of what they hear through visual cues long before they've heard the idea.   A prospective study of the EYEPORT Vision Training System by Hannu Laukkanen, O.D., M.Ed., and Jeff Rabin, O.D., Ph.D., Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, Oregon. The purpose of this study was to determine if vision training with the EYEPORT system affects vision and reading performance.   Optical and electrical recording of neural activity evoked by graded contrast visual stimulus by Luigi Rovati, Giorgia Salvatori,Luca Bulf,and Sergio Fonda Department of Information Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy This 2007 study used an embedded instrumentation combining a continuous-wave nearinfrared spectroscopy system and an electroencephalography system to simultaneously monitor functional hemodynamics and electrical activity to investigate human visual function.   Optimizing Brain Function by Daniel G. Amen, MD Overview by Amen on ways to protect your brain.   Be aware of your brother From an original 2008 study by Quian Quiroga, R. et al. Human single-neuron responses at the threshold of conscious recognition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3599Ð3604 The author studied patients with epilepsy who had been implanted with electrodes as part of their evaluation for brain surgery aimed at controlling their seizures. The electrodes also enabled recording of single-neuron responses in the MTL to presentations of photos of familiar or famous people, animals and buildings. Each photo was shown multiple times and for different durations. Importantly, in contrast to previous studies, the photo presentations were so short (33 ms, 66 ms, 132 ms and 264 ms) that they were on the verge of conscious perception. In each trial the patients indicated whether they had perceived and recognized the image that had been presented. Using this information, the authors were able to correlate the response of individual MTL neurons to the conscious perception of particular stimuli.   Cease or persist? From an Original Research Paper by Bekinschtein, P. et al. This author discusses how brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage. (2008)   Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: a new perspective by Larry R. Squire, John T. Wexted and Robert E. Clark (2007) Recognition memory is widely viewed as consisting of two components, recollection and familiarity, which have been proposed to be dependent on the hippocampus and the adjacent perirhinal cortex, respectively. Here, we propose an alternative perspective: we suggest that the methods traditionally used to separate recollection from familiarity instead separate strong memories from weak memories. A review of work with humans, monkeys and rodents finds evidence for familiarity signals (as well as recollection signals) in the hippocampus and recollection signals (as well as familiarity signals) in the perirhinal cortex. We also indicate ways in which the functions of the medial temporal lobe structures are different, and suggest that these structures work together in a cooperative and complementary way.(2008)   Restoring balance in diabetes Taken from Original Research Paper Stranahan, A. M. et al. Diabetes impairs hippocampal function through glucocorticoid-mediated effects in new and mature neurons. Nature Neurosci. 17 Feb 2008 Both synaptic strengthening and increased proliferation of neural precursors in the hippocampus are associated with learning processes and are altered in diabetic animals. The authors therefore went on to examine the effect that normalizing corticosterone levels had on these processes.   Google Search . 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